that helps customers manage their finances by providing real-time insights, transaction search, bill reminders, and budgeting assistance. It has handled billions of interactions and serves as a 24/7 staggering leap, and it tells a deeper story – not just of cost reduction, but of architectural and materials innovation that is reshaping what’s possible at the hardware level. These improvements in hardware Ampere (2020) Hopper (2022) Blackwell (2024) -105,000x Note: Kepler released in 2012. NVIDIA materials mark performance threshold shown above for Kepler as of 2014. Source: NVIDIA Company Overview (2/25)

demand for further improving its electrochemical performance, the search for sustainable anode materials that provide lithium-ion batteries with safe and stable cyclic performance, while providing high voltage curves, has sparked in-depth research and discussion. As a promising candidate for anode materials, alloy-based anodes such as silicon (Si, 4200 mA h g-1) show extremely high theoretical capacity than the capacity of commercial graphite anodes (372 mA h g-1). Unfortunately, these types of materials suffer from large volume expansion/shrinkage during the lithiation/delithiation process, leading