all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-�me 18.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instan�ated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants commonly called "top" because it is at the apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bo�om" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is wri�en as Union{}. It is the exact opposite of

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-�me 18.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instan�ated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants commonly called "top" because it is at the apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bo�om" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is wri�en as Union{}. It is the exact opposite of

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-�me 18.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instan�ated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants commonly called "top" because it is at the apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bo�om" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is wri�en as Union{}. It is the exact opposite of

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-�me 19.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instan�ated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants commonly called "top" because it is at the apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bo�om" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is wri�en as Union{}. It is the exact opposite of

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-time 18.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instantiated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants because it is at the 128 CHAPTER 18. TYPES apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bottom" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is written as Union{}. It is the exact opposite

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-�me 20.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instan�ated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants commonly called "top" because it is at the apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bo�om" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is wri�en as Union{}. It is the exact opposite of

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-time 11.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instantiated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants because it is at the 108 CHAPTER 11. TYPES apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bottom" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is written as Union{}. It is the exact opposite

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-time 11.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instantiated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants because it is at the CHAPTER 11. TYPES 104 apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bottom" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is written as Union{}. It is the exact opposite

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-time 11.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instantiated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants because it is at the CHAPTER 11. TYPES 104 apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bottom" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is written as Union{}. It is the exact opposite

all values in Julia are true objects having a type that belongs to a single, fully connected type graph, all nodes of which are equally first-class as types. • There is no meaningful concept of a "compile-time 11.2 Abstract Types Abstract types cannot be instantiated, and serve only as nodes in the type graph, thereby describing sets of related concrete types: those concrete types which are their descendants because it is at the CHAPTER 11. TYPES 104 apex of the type graph. Julia also has a predefined abstract "bottom" type, at the nadir of the type graph, which is written as Union{}. It is the exact opposite