3D Graphics for Dummies Significant content “borrowed” from Dan Chang @ Nintendo NTD “with permission” Chris Ryan CppCon 2021 github.com/ChrisR98008/CppCon20213 3D Graphics for Dummies4 3D Graphics Dummies5 3D Graphics for Dummies6 3D Graphics for Dummies7 3D Graphics for Dummies8 3D Graphics for Dummies9 3D Graphics for Dummies10 3D Graphics for Dummies11 3D Graphics for Dummies12 3D Graphics Graphics for Dummies13 3D Graphics for Dummies14 3D Graphics for Dummies15 3D Graphics for Dummies Winding / Right Hand Rule Fingers curled in the order of the points, thumb points up Counter clockwise

Hardware-accelerated graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.4.1 Hardware 3D acceleration (OpenGL and Direct3D 8/9) . . . . . . . . . 73 4.4.2 Hardware 2D video acceleration for Hardware vs. software virtualization, page 202. • Guest Additions: shared folders, seamless windows, 3D virtualization. The VirtualBox Guest Additions are software packages which can be installed inside virtual machine will sup- port automatic adjustment of video resolutions, seamless windows, accelerated 3D graphics and more. The Guest Additions are described in detail in chapter 4, Guest Additions, page

Hardware-accelerated graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4.1 Hardware 3D acceleration (OpenGL and Direct3D 8/9) . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4.2 Hardware 2D video acceleration for Hardware vs. software virtualization, page 192. • Guest Additions: shared folders, seamless windows, 3D virtualization. The VirtualBox Guest Additions are software packages which can be installed inside virtual machine will sup- port automatic adjustment of video resolutions, seamless windows, accelerated 3D graphics and more. The Guest Additions are described in detail in chapter 4, Guest Additions, page

Hardware-accelerated graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.4.1 Hardware 3D acceleration (OpenGL and Direct3D 8/9) . . . . . . . . . 68 4.4.2 Hardware 2D video acceleration for Hardware vs. software virtualization, page 171. • Guest Additions: shared folders, seamless windows, 3D virtualization. The VirtualBox Guest Additions are software packages which can be installed inside virtual machine will sup- port automatic adjustment of video resolutions, seamless windows, accelerated 3D graphics and more. The Guest Additions are described in detail in chapter 4, Guest Additions, page

Hardware-accelerated graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.5.1 Hardware 3D acceleration (OpenGL and Direct3D 8/9) . . . . . . . . . 76 4.5.2 Hardware 2D video acceleration for Hardware vs. software virtualization, page 252. • Guest Additions: shared folders, seamless windows, 3D virtualization. The VirtualBox Guest Additions are software packages which can be installed inside virtual machine will sup- port automatic adjustment of video resolutions, seamless windows, accelerated 3D graphics and more. The Guest Additions are described in detail in chapter 4, Guest Additions, page

Hardware-accelerated graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.5.1 Hardware 3D acceleration (OpenGL and Direct3D 8/9) . . . . . . . . . 76 4.5.2 Hardware 2D video acceleration for Hardware vs. software virtualization, page 251. • Guest Additions: shared folders, seamless windows, 3D virtualization. The VirtualBox Guest Additions are software packages which can be installed inside virtual machine will sup- port automatic adjustment of video resolutions, seamless windows, accelerated 3D graphics and more. The Guest Additions are described in detail in chapter 4, Guest Additions, page

building? • Differences from Game Code • Assumptions and Concepts 2. Techniques • Keep Threads Busy • 3D Caching • Optimise Sorting • Avoid Blocking Threads 3. Questions 2Three sections Background What Speaker notesCACHING STATIC WORLD DATA • Problems: ▪ Need to cache static world data for access using 3D coords ▪ Prevent tasks from duplicating IO and processing work • Usually use traditional spatial data from duplicating work - and code ▶ Traditionally use one of tree structures - recursively subdivide 3d space • K-D tree partitions by axially aligned plane • Octree into 8 octants surrounding centre point

game rules & databases 14Start Enumeration Read Localization Load Audio Load 2D Assets Load 3D Assets Load Game Databases CPU: 5.6s Wait: 1.2s CPU: 8.2s Wait: 1.4s CPU: 7.3s Wait: 0.8s (Old) Startup Profile 15Start Enumeration Read Localization Load Audio Load 2D Assets Load 3D Assets Load Game Databases CPU: 0.5s Wait: 0.6s CPU: 0.9s Wait: 1.4s CPU: 4.5s Wait: 0.2s Threading Computations 3 40Side by Side Comparison 41Loading graphic assets ◉ Loading of both 2D and 3D assets was single threaded ◉ Huge speedup potential if we could spread it on all cores ◉ But

Made from scratch (no game engine). ● Short release cycle. ● Small, by modern standards.Today: ● 3D, Photorealistic, Physics based. ● Multi-threaded. ● Made with a game engine. ● Long development Physics Rendering Audio Simulation Rendering AudioSimulation Imagine our hypothetical game is 3D with a vast world. Multiple systems ticking, ● Entity Component Systems (ECS) ● Artificial Intelligence world by recursively subdividing. Quadtree Octree ● 2D ● Recursively subdivided into 4 spaces ● 3D ● Recursively subdivided into 8 spaces.Quadtrees & Octrees Used to partition space in the game world

Reserved. About the artist Dan Zucco London-based 3D art and motion director Dan Zucco creates repeating 2D patterns and brings them to life as 3D animated loops. Inspired by architecture, music, modern