I d r i s 语 语 语言 言 言文 文 文档 档 档 Ve r s io n 1 .3 .1 C o n t e n t s 1 I d r i s 教 教 教程 程 程 2 2 常 常 常见 见 见问 问 问题 题 题解 解 解答 答 答（ （ （F A Q ） ） ） 64 3 用 用 用 I d r i s 实 实 实现 现 现带 带 带有 有 有状 状 状态 态 态的 的 奤 央 奺 奨 失 C H AP T E R 1 I d r i s 教程 本文档为 奉 奤 奲 奩 女 的教程，它简单介绍了如何用 奉 奤 奲 奩 女 语言编程。 文档中覆盖了该语言的核心特性，并假 定你至少熟悉一门函数式编程语言，如 奈奡女 奫 奥 奬 奬 或 奏 奃 奡奭 奬 。 注 注 注解 解 解: 奉 奤 奲 奩 女 文档已按照 创 创 创作 作 作共 共 共用 用 用 C C 奡奴 奩 奶 奥 奣 奯奭 奭 奯奮 女 央 奯奲 奧夯奰 奵 奢 奬 奩 奣 奤 奯奭 奡奩 奮 夯奺 奥 奲 奯夯失央 夰夯奤 奥 奥 奤 央 奺 奨 1. 1 引 引 引言 言 言 在传统编程语言中，类 类 类型 型 型 与 值 值 值 之间有明确的区分。例如在 奈奡女 奫 奥 奬 奬 中夬 下面这些类型分别表示整数、 字符、字符列表 以及任意值的列表： • Int夬 Char夬 [Char]夬

ou h av e al l of t h e p r e r e q u i s i t e s , i s t o t y p e : cabal update; cabal install idris T h i s w i l l i n s t al l t h e l at e s t v e r s i on r e l e as e d on Hac k age , al on g b y e n t e r i n g idris hello.idr -o hello at t h e s h e l l p r om p t . T h i s w i l l c r e at e an e x e c u t ab l e c al l e d hello, w h i c h y ou c an r u n : $ idris hello.idr -o hello $ t e r i n g idris at t h e s h e l l p r om p t s t ar t s u p t h e i n t e r ac t i v e e n v i r on m e n t . You s h ou l d s e e s om e t h i n g l i k e t h e f ol l ow i n g: $ idris ____ __ _ /

ou h av e al l of t h e p r e r e q u i s i t e s , i s t o t y p e : cabal update; cabal install idris T h i s w i l l i n s t al l t h e l at e s t v e r s i on r e l e as e d on Hac k age , al on g b y e n t e r i n g idris hello.idr -o hello at t h e s h e l l p r om p t . T h i s w i l l c r e at e an e x e c u t ab l e c al l e d hello, w h i c h y ou c an r u n : $ idris hello.idr -o hello $ t e r i n g idris at t h e s h e l l p r om p t s t ar t s u p t h e i n t e r ac t i v e e n v i r on m e n t . You s h ou l d s e e s om e t h i n g l i k e t h e f ol l ow i n g: $ idris ____ __ _ /

Idris Tutorial Series Release 0.11 The Idris Community May 18, 2016 Contents 1 Type Providers in Idris 3 2 The Interactive Theorem Prover 7 i ii Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.11 Tutorials community members. Note: The documentation for Idris has been published under the Creative Commons CC0 License. As such to the extent possible under law, The Idris Community has waived all copyright and related neighboring rights to Documentation for Idris. More information concerning the CC0 can be found online at: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Contents 1 Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.11 2

Idris Tutorial Series Release 0.12 The Idris Community July 26, 2016 Contents 1 Type Providers in Idris 3 2 The Interactive Theorem Prover 7 i ii Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.12 Tutorials community members. Note: The documentation for Idris has been published under the Creative Commons CC0 License. As such to the extent possible under law, The Idris Community has waived all copyright and related neighboring rights to Documentation for Idris. More information concerning the CC0 can be found online at: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Contents 1 Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.12 2

Idris Tutorial Series Release 0.12.3 The Idris Community September 18, 2016 Contents 1 Type Providers in Idris 3 2 The Interactive Theorem Prover 7 i ii Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.12.3 community members. Note: The documentation for Idris has been published under the Creative Commons CC0 License. As such to the extent possible under law, The Idris Community has waived all copyright and related neighboring rights to Documentation for Idris. More information concerning the CC0 can be found online at: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Contents 1 Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.12.3

ou h av e al l of t h e p r e r e q u i s i t e s , i s t o t y p e : cabal update; cabal install idris T h i s w i l l i n s t al l t h e l at e s t v e r s i on r e l e as e d on Hac k age , al on g b y e n t e r i n g idris hello.idr -o hello at t h e s h e l l p r om p t . T h i s w i l l c r e at e an e x e c u t ab l e c al l e d hello, w h i c h y ou c an r u n : $ idris hello.idr -o hello $ t e r i n g idris at t h e s h e l l p r om p t s t ar t s u p t h e i n t e r ac t i v e e n v i r on m e n t . You s h ou l d s e e s om e t h i n g l i k e t h e f ol l ow i n g: $ idris ____ __ _ /

ou h av e al l of t h e p r e r e q u i s i t e s , i s t o t y p e : cabal update; cabal install idris T h i s w i l l i n s t al l t h e l at e s t v e r s i on r e l e as e d on Hac k age , al on g b y e n t e r i n g idris hello.idr -o hello at t h e s h e l l p r om p t . T h i s w i l l c r e at e an e x e c u t ab l e c al l e d hello, w h i c h y ou c an r u n : $ idris hello.idr -o hello $ t e r i n g idris at t h e s h e l l p r om p t s t ar t s u p t h e i n t e r ac t i v e e n v i r on m e n t . You s h ou l d s e e s om e t h i n g l i k e t h e f ol l ow i n g: $ idris ____ __ _ /

d p r o g r a m m i n g l i t e r a t u r e a s “ v e c t o r s ” 3 cabal update; cabal install idris T h i s w i l l i n s t al l t h e l at e s t v e r s i on r e l e as e d on Hac k age , al on g b y e n t e r i n g idris hello.idr -o hello at t h e s h e l l p r om p t . T h i s w i l l c r e at e an e x e c u t ab l e c al l e d hello, w h i c h y ou c an r u n : $ idris hello.idr -o hello $ t e r i n g idris at t h e s h e l l p r om p t s t ar t s u p t h e i n t e r ac t i v e e n v i r on m e n t . You s h ou l d s e e s om e t h i n g l i k e t h e f ol l ow i n g: $ idris ____ __ _ /

Idris Tutorial Series Release 0.10.2 The Idris Community March 19, 2016 Contents 1 Type Providers in Idris 3 2 The Interactive Theorem Prover 7 i ii Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.10.2 Tutorials community members. Note: The documentation for Idris has been published under the Creative Commons CC0 License. As such to the extent possible under law, The Idris Community has waived all copyright and related neighboring rights to Documentation for Idris. More information concerning the CC0 can be found online at: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Contents 1 Idris Tutorial Series, Release 0.10.2